1.2 Problems in hydrological modeling

1.2.1 Calibration and uncertainty

Most hydrological models，even “physical-based” distributed hydrological model，contain parameters that cannot be directly interpreted and measured in the field.Instead，they must be calibrated by compared produced hydrograph to historical records，until the model output is acceptable.Usually，objective function is adopted as a criterion for model calibration.However，themodel calibration is manually repetitive and ideal parameters always cannot beobtained especially for complex models.

To overcome the repetitive manual “trial-and-error” calibration procedure，automatic search algorithms known as optimization method are appliedfor calibration.From the very beginning，single objective optimization algorithm is used for calibration and the mos ......     （共7059字）    [阅读本文]>>